Across Country, Court Battles Determine Which Ballots Count

Wilmington, North Carolina — With an historic election upon us, last-minute court battles are determining whether mail-in ballots received after Election Day will count.

Deadlines for receiving mail-in ballots vary by state.

A voter casts her early voting ballot at drop box outside of City Hall on October 17, 2020 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. With the election only a little more than two weeks away, a new form of in-person early voting by using mail ballots, has enabled millions of voters to cast their ballots. President Donald Trump won the battleground state of Pennsylvania by only 44,000 votes in 2016, the first Republican to do so since President George Bush in 1988. (Photo by Mark Makela/Getty Images)

In hundreds of cases fought in more than 40 states, voting rights advocates, candidates and state party officials have challenged and defended voting rules, many of which have been changed this year to ensure that voters can safely cast ballots amid the pandemic.

Many lawsuits center on the deadlines for counting mail-in ballots, which in some states have been pushed to more than a week after Election Day. Others challenge rules for submitting absentee ballots by mail. The Healthy Election Tracker, a project of Stanford University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is tracking 434 court cases across 44 states, all related to changes in voting rules made to accommodate Covid-19 concerns.

In Minnesota, a federal appeals court ruled Oct. 30 that mail-in ballots must be received no later than Election Day. That’s a win for the Republican challengers. It ends the window after Election Day that officials had wanted for validating any ballots held up by delays in mail delivery.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled Oct. 28 that Pennsylvania and North Carolina can count ballots received after Election Day. That’s a win for Democrats, who wanted added time, given the large number of mail-in ballots cast during the pandemic, to ensure that all votes are counted. In North Carolina, ballots postmarked by Election Day will be counted so long as they are received within nine days after the election.

On Oct. 16, the Michigan Court of Appeals overturned a lower court ruling that had allowed the counting of absentee ballots postmarked by Election Day for two weeks after Nov. 3.  Under the Appeals Court ruling, only ballots received by 8 p.m. Election Day will count.

Voting rights advocates argue that election systems must provide extra time for ballot counting to ensure that any delays in mail delivery do not disenfranchise voters, especially when so many Americans are voting by mail to avoid contagion.

Poll workers help a voter put their mail-in ballot in an official Miami-Dade County ballot drop box on August 11, 2020 in Miami, Florida. The secure drop boxes at polling stations allow voters to drop off the state’s Primary Election Vote-By-Mail ballots and skip any voting lines as people try to vote and stay healthy during the coronavirus pandemic. The ballot drop box is also a way to securely deliver a voting ballot to the polling station and not have to mail the Vote-By-Mail ballot through the U.S. Postal Service. (Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images)

Senior citizens — who are at elevated risk of suffering severe Covid-19 symptoms — must be able to cast their ballots without compromising their health, advocates say. The North Carolina Alliance for Retired Americans demanded the State Elections Board make procedural changes to protect the rights of older voters.

The alliance argued that county election boards need extra time to count ballots, as delays in mail delivery could disenfranchise voters who mail in absentee ballots. Protecting mail-in ballots is particularly important this election, the alliance said, as older voters risk exposure to coronavirus while waiting in long lines to vote.

However, in several states, Republican legislators and campaign directors have argued that loosening balloting restrictions or extending ballot submission deadlines would open the door for voter fraud, a claim widely disputed by election experts. They also have argued that changes to state laws shouldn’t be permitted so close to Election Day.

In Wisconsin, the U.S. Supreme Court sided with Republicans. The justices on Oct. 26 rejected an appeal from Democrats to permit mail-in ballots in the state to be received up to six days after Election Day, so long as they were postmarked by Nov. 3. (The six-day extension for primary voting was enforced in April, Justice Elena Kagan noted in her dissent.)

Although the Supreme Court rejected a request by the Trump campaign and North Carolina Republicans to intervene in the mail-in ballots argument in North Carolina, U.S. District Judge William Osteen also ruled that absentee ballots must include a witness signature — a decision that could invalidate some of the more than 530,000 absentee ballots already cast in the state.

Karen Brinson Bell, executive director of the North Carolina State Board of Elections, said Osteen’s rulings “allow us to move forward to ensure all eligible voters can successfully cast a ballot in the general election.”

Another issue in North Carolina is how voters fill out the envelopes of mail-in ballots. Under state law, an envelope containing an absentee ballot must be signed by a witness. The law allows almost anyone, including spouses, to serve as witnesses, but ballots must provide witness information.

In addressing the demands of the North Carolina Alliance for Retired Americans, the state board ruled in September that voters who submitted absentee ballots with insufficient witness information could correct those ballots by submitting affidavits. The agreement also allows county boards to accept ballots postmarked on or before Election Day up to Nov. 12.

Unique ballots for every voting precinct in the county are organized in a warehouse at the Anne Arundel County Board of Elections headquarters on October 7, 2020 in Glen Burnie, Maryland. The ballot canvas for mail-in and absentee ballots began on October 1st in Maryland, the earliest in the country. Every ballot goes through a five step process before being sliced open and tabulated. (Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)

These revisions came when the state election board reached an agreement with the North Carolina Alliance for Retired Americans, which had filed a lawsuit pressing for several changes. The group said the extra time was needed due to concerns about whether delays in mail delivery could disenfranchise voters who use mailed-in absentee ballots.

Richard Fiesta, executive director of the Alliance for Retired Americans, said the board’s decision is a victory for all the state’s voters, but is especially valuable to the 1.3 million North Carolina voters over 65.

One group studying the issue in North Carolina is the Sightline Institute, a Seattle-based think tank. Its analysis shows that ballots cast by minority voters are rejected at disproportionately high rates. It noted that the state was on pace to reject 35,000 absentee ballots.

“While just 2.5 percent of absentee ballots cast so far by white voters have been rejected, the rejection rate rises to 6.9 percent for black voters, and 4.7 percent for Native American voters,” the Sightline Institute analysis said. “Black voters have cast 16.5 percent of returned absentee ballots yet make up 34 percent of rejected ballots. White voters have cast 72 percent of absentee ballots but only make up 54 percent of rejected ballots.”

President Donald Trump and his Democratic challenger, former Vice President Joe Biden, are in a tight race in North Carolina, with Biden up 1.9%.

“Even a modest rate of rejection among North Carolina’s absentee ballots could prove not only devastating for voter disenfranchisement, it could determine who wins North Carolina’s 15 electoral votes, which could decide the election,” the Sightline Institute said.

(Edited by Jameson O’Neal and Fern Siegel)



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