The slander against Black fathers is as old as the country. The men who owned us knew better. So does modern social science.
By Ben Jealous
Last week I had lunch with an old friend.
He is a Black Republican and a popular commentator, which means we have spent twenty years disagreeing in public and liking each other in private. He would be welcome in any barbershop in America. He keeps it real in the way men in any true community require of one another.
We talked about our kids. That was most of the lunch.
Nothing about that would surprise any Black man reading this. Nothing about it would surprise most Black people.
But every Black father carries something else around with him. We know the stereotypes: that we do not stay, that we do not provide, that we are not there.
Those stories are as old as the country itself.
So is the proof against them. And the proof was written down by the men who owned us.
In November of 1836, a man named Richard escaped near Morganton, North Carolina. He got away while the brother of the man who claimed him was hauling him to Alabama.
The enslaver bought newspaper space to get him back. His advertisement did not guess where Richard was headed. It told readers exactly where to look.
Richard had a wife, a free woman of color named Jane Tucker. She was arranging to return to Raleigh. The ad said there was no doubt her husband would try to get to her.
The man who owned Richard was not speculating. He put money behind it. He had seen enough men run toward a wife or a child to know where to send the search party. He expected his readers to know it too.
Historians have been collecting those advertisements for years. The Freedom on the Move project indexes close to ninety thousand. They name wives. They name children. They name the road the man was likely taking to reach them.
Capture meant brutal punishment. Escape itself could be deadly. They ran anyway.
They did not wait for the war to end, either.
On December 27, 1862, Henry Christian placed a notice in a Philadelphia newspaper. He was searching for Richard, Rebecca, and Rachel Christian. His children. Last known to be traveling out of Winchester, Virginia.
Historians at Villanova University have recovered nearly five thousand notices like it. Freed people paying for newspaper space, year after year, hunting for family sold away. Judith Giesberg, who leads that project, estimates the success rate may have been as low as two in a hundred.
They kept paying anyway.
Many of those notices were placed by men. Fathers. Husbands. Brothers.
Herbert Gutman went through the records community by community. In the places he studied, most Black families had two parents in the house. In some rural areas it ran above eight in ten.
Now come forward to our own time.
Among fathers living with their small children, Black fathers were the most likely of the groups the study counted to bathe, dress, and change them every day. Seventy percent did. For White fathers, 60 percent. For Hispanic fathers, 45.
Among fathers of school-age children, 41 percent of Black fathers helped with homework or checked it daily. For White fathers, 28 percent.
That study covered 2006 to 2010. It is still the most recent we have, because the government stopped asking.
A later look at federal data, from 2017 to 2019, found the pattern holds for fathers living apart from their children. Nearly six in ten Black fathers saw their children weekly. For White fathers, about four in ten.
That survey also has the hard number, and I will not skip it. Forty-three percent of Black fathers have at least one child living somewhere else. For White fathers it is 14.
That is not a shortage of men who want to father. Black fathers who live with their children are among the most involved in this country. The ones living apart report showing up more than anybody.
Something keeps pulling them out of the house.
Work left those neighborhoods. Violence rose. Prisons filled. Researchers have spent forty years untangling how the three feed one another.
None of it is new. None of it is only ours. It hit Black neighborhoods first and hardest, then kept going until it reached everybody.
Next week I will show you those numbers. They belong to every man in America.
My friend and I did not talk about any of this over lunch. We talked about our kids.
That is what fathers do.
